Standing Orders
Concept and Nature of Standing OrdersThe Standing Orders are a critical part of labor law that helps regulate the terms of employment, discipline, and conduct within industrial establishments. The Industrial…
Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining
Trade unions in India have a long and complex history, dating back to the colonial era and evolving significantly over time. Trade unions emerged as a response to the industrialization…
Introduction To Human Rights
Nature of Human Rights 1.Definition of Human Rights Human rights are inherent, universal rights that every person possesses simply by virtue of beinghuman. Rooted in the principle of human dignity, these rights…
UN Charter
The United Nations (UN) Charter is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, California, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference…
Introduction to Criminal Law
Definition of CrimeCrime is generally understood as an act or omission punishable by law because it violates public rights and duties. Crimes are actions that society deems harmful to public…
Introduction to CPC
DefinitionsForeign Judgment (Section 13 of CPC)Explanation:Section 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) addresses the enforceability of foreign judgments in India. A foreign judgment is one that is delivered…
Initial Steps of Suit
Jurisdiction and Place of SuingSection 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) - Courts to Try All Civil Suits Unless Barred by LawText of Section 9:"The Courts shall (subject…
General Exceptions
Mistake as a Defense (Sections 14-20 BNS, 2023)In criminal law, the defense of "mistake" can be used when an act is committed without awareness of certain facts that would negate…
Fundamental Rules of Pleadings
Definition and Scope of PleadingsOrder 6 Rule 1 CPC – Definition of Pleadings:This rule defines pleadings as the written statements filed by both the plaintiff and the defendant. In simple…